To What Extent Did Nazi Germany Establish a Totalitarian...

Joe Bokeyar Year 12 – Modern History Research Essay To what extent did the Nazis succeed in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939? The Nazis succeeded to a great degree in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A Totalitarian state is defined as a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures. A Totalitarian state aims to establish complete: - political -social/economic - and cultural control over their people. Fascism is a type of right-wing totalitarianism which places importance on the subordination of individuals to advance the interests of the state. It is important for†¦show more content†¦The army along with the SS were now loyal to Hitler. On August 2nd 1934 Hindenburg died. This then gave Hitler the opportunity, which he took, to declare himself Fuhrer. The role of the Fuhrer was President, Chancellor and Commander in Chief all in one. All soldiers took an oath of allegiance to him personally. A plebiscite approved of this with 88.93% of the vote. The Weimar Republic was over and the Third Reich about to begin. All media was controlled by the Nazis. Newspapers, radio stations, films obeyed and said what the Nazis told them to. A number of rallies were put on to emphasise just how strong Nazi Germany was. Goebbels was in charge of this and was also very successful. He was able to persuade people into believing that Hitler and the Nazis were right. All Nazi view points on everything were always emphasized. Groups opposing the Nazis such as socialist, communists, liberals, democrats, Jews and other group were targeted by the Nazis. All books were censored, over 2500 authors banned and many books burnt on the streets. Propaganda manipulated Hitler’s image very carefully so that he would be portrayed as a kind, hardworking man with simple tasks. The SS and Gestapo (secret police) acting under the orders of Himmler, made terror a regular occurrence and a matter of state policy. Any sort of opponents were beaten and regularly thrownShow MoreRelatedNazi Germany Totalitarian2991 Words   |  12 PagesTo what extent could Nazi Germany be considered a totalitarian state in the period 1933-1942? From Hitlers election to power in January 1933, Nazi Germany although exhibiting totalitarian elements lacked some required factors to characterize it fully as a totalitarian state. George Orwell suggested that totalitarianism is (1984, introduction) the ability for a political system or society where the individual does not exist, a single party controls every aspect of life. Paramount to the classificationRead MoreTo what Extent was Hitlet Able to Control the Church Essay2529 Words   |  11 PagesDuring the reign of Nazi Germany, the Church was subjected to as much adversity as any other institution in Germany. Any establishment that was perceived as a threat to Hitler could not be endured and the churches of Nazi Germany posed as a number of threats as they were powerful and well established institutions. Even though he sometimes associated Nazism with Christianity, his real beliefs were clearly hostile towards the faith. Which leads me to my research question: â€Å" To what e xtent was Hitler ableRead MoreTo What Extent Did the Nazis Establish a Volksgemeinschaft? Essay3244 Words   |  13 Pagesof the Herrenvolk, or master race. As a term used polemically by the Nazis to engender a form of identity politics and therefore oppose any notion of politics based on universal and objective class interests that it aimed to transcend, it helped them gain collective support from an already economically, psychologically and politically distraught post-war nation. The Volksgemeinschaft ideal was one of the key elements of Nazi ideology and was used to legitimate much of the regimes social policyRead MoreEssay How Successful Was Nazi Propaganda from 1933 to 1939?3993 Words   |  16 PagesHow successful was Nazi propaganda from1933 to 1939? How is Success of Propaganda Gauged? The Nazi propaganda machine is at times impressive, at times unusual, at times terrifying. ...Everything is propaganda. The Nazis understood human psychology. It was Goebbels simple realisation that, for instance in cinematic propaganda, there was a need for the viewer to be entertained. Otherwise, there would be no interest in watching at all. This is simply a single instance of the successfulnessRead MoreEssay on Comparison of Mussolini and Hitler4381 Words   |  18 PagesComparison of Mussolini and Hitler Fascism was a totalitarian political movement that developed after 1919 as a reaction against the political and social changes brought about by World War 1 and the spread of socialism and communism. It flourished between 1919 and 1945 in several countries, mainly Germany, Spain, Italy, and Japan. Fascism is a form of totalitarian dictatorship that had ideals such as extreme nationalism, economic self sufficiency and military strength. The dictators abolishedRead MoreThe Significance of Nazi Propaganda under Hitlers Rule Essay3090 Words   |  13 PagesSignificance of Nazi Propaganda under Hitlers Rule The appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany in 1933 should, in theory, have been nothing more than merely a change of administration. However, from the start of their ‘seizure of power’ the Nazis were prepared to apply this power in ‘revolutionary’ ways. (Fest, 1974, p.373). In the elections of 1933 that resulted in Hitler’s chancellorship, the Nazi party only managed to gain 43.9% of the vote; yet by 1939 they hadRead MoreThe Rise and Rule of Single-Party States7795 Words   |  32 PagesThe Rise and Rule of single-party States Contents1 The Rise and Rule of Single-party States * 1.1 The Emergence of single party states in Europe after 1917 * 1.2 China- Mao Zedong * 1.3 Italy- Benito Mussolini * 1.4 Germany- Adolf Hitler * 1.5 Russia- Josef Stalin * 1.6 Cuba- Fidel Castro | Introduction * The 20th century produced many single-party states. The origins, ideology, form of government, organization, nature, and impact of these should be studiedRead MoreHow Successful Was Nazi Propaganda in the Period 1933-39?4453 Words   |  18 PagesSuccess of Propaganda Gauged?/b brThe Nazi propaganda machine is at times impressive, at times unusual, at times terrifying. br br...Everything is propaganda. br brThe Nazis understood human psychology. It was Goebbels simple realisation that, for instance in cinematic propaganda, there was a need for the viewer to be entertained. Otherwise, there would be no interest in watching at all. This is simply a single instance of the successfulness of Nazi propaganda. Goebbels realised this andRead More Hitler Essay2061 Words   |  9 Pagesand gained him success. Hitler’s success can also be due to the horrible conditions in Germany at the time of his rise to power. The failure of the economy, extreme nationalism and the fragile government of Germany in the 1920’s and 30’s could also be seen as the reason for Hitler’s success(Wepman 98). The end of W.W.I left Germany in economic debt, suffering to survive. The Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for the war and required them to pay for all the reparations. With many unemployed andRead MoreEssay on Georg Lukacs, quot;the Ideology of Modernismquot;7555 Words   |  31 P agespolitically dangerous to be too formalistic.) From Lukacss Marxist point of view, the forms of literature are mere window-dressing: plots, characters, themes, symbols. Paying exclusive attention to those forms means missing the main point, which is what is going on beneath the forms in the ideological base. To put this crudely, a socialist novel (no matter how simple-minded, old-fashioned, or technically inept) is going to be better than a bourgeois capitalist novel, because it is ideologically

Being Safe Online Free Essays

Computer Ethics Reflection Many people may think going online is safe, but it can be very hazardous at times. You need to know how to protect yourself online, and avoid cyber bullying. While you are writing a paper for school, you need to know what academic honesty is. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Safe Online or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cyber bulling is the use of the internet and/or related technology to hurt other people, in a recurring, and aggressive method. Cyber bulling is very common these days. People do it to get a little laugh, but never think twice about what emotional impact it can have on the other person. Many people say, â€Å"Stick and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me. †, and it may seem like good advice but it isn’t. When people cyber bully someone, they think it is funny, and since words are just words nobody will get hurt, but they are very wrong. Cyber bulling is not harmless. People have committed suicide over it. Some people who cyber bully think that it is impossible to take it too far, because they are just messing around. But the truth is cyber bullies take it to far when just the thought of cyber bulling runs through their heads. If you get cyber bullied, the first thing you should do is ignore it; maybe they are having a bad day. If it still continues you need to block them, for all you know they will not stop. The next step, if it still carries on, is to tell an adult. There might be times when you think you parents don’t know anything, but they are her to protect you. If you do not want to tell your parents, tell a teacher or you guidance counselor. Any adult can help you. Sometimes, it may still go on. In this case, you need to save it and print it up so you have proof. If you participate in cyber bullying, there will be consequences. Sometimes the person who you cyber bullied might commit suicide. If you get caught, you will be in massive trouble with the police. Keeping yourself safe online is very vital. Just by giving someone your first name, that person can track you down. Going online itself can always be dangerous. Do not give out your personal information. Personal information consists of your name, phone number, e-mail address, your parents name, your home address, and et cetera. When someone sends you a request, and you have never met them face to face, DO NOT accept them. This does not mean that you go and meet them somewhere! Always be respectful, and use appropriate language. Do not swear or call people out of their names. Passwords are also something you should not share with ANYONE besides your parents. How to cite Being Safe Online, Essay examples

Sustainable Business Planning and Strategy-Samples for Students

Question: Is the current wayWestpacreports on sustainability an example of best practice?What, if any, changes do you recommend? Answer: Introduction: Sustainability planning takes of the future uncertainties. Thus, it is a complete process, which an organisation undertakes on in a span of over several months (Baumgartner 2014). The current assignment aims to identify as well as evaluate the most considerable recent or expected developments in sustainability reporting in Australia. After such evaluation, the sustainability strategies at Westpac have been assessed to find out whether the bank has adopted such identified developments to improve its overall sustainability reporting. The final segment of the assignment sheds light on suggesting some sustainability strategies for the bank that would help in improving its overall business performance in the eyes of its stakeholders in future (Neugebauer, Figge and Hahn 2016). Most significant current or expected developments in sustainability reporting: There are numerous existing or expected developments in the global including Australian sustainability reporting strategy, out of which two of the most significant strategies are discussed as follows: Sustainability data exchange: The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has published the upcoming era of corporate disclosure in the form of responsible, interactive and digital disclosures through a digital publication. This depicts an overview of the future sustainability reporting and disclosure (Iasplus.com 2017). As per GRI, the future would take into account new formats with the firms, as they are needed to shift from annual reports to sustainability data exchange. The concentration would be to focus on the primary challenges like human rights and climate change. It has been observed that GRI is involved in producing articles, videos and analysis papers throughout 2015 by interviewing with the business executives and other professionals belonging to different fields and industries and this reporting format is expected to be initiated by the end of 2025 (Lozano 2015). During this period, the organisations and the investors would include the critical sustainability information into the utmost core of their processes of decision-making and definition of strategy. Moreover, the organisations are needed to make additional disclosures about the impact on society and the global natural resources. The stakeholders would find the access to the information about business performance from diverse sources (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths 2014). Thus, this existing development would be of immense value for the stakeholders, as they could dissect the value creation of the organisations in a more effective and broader manner. Advancement of corporate reporting on sustainable development goals: The collaboration of the GRI and the United Nations Global Compact has initiated SDG Leadership through Reporting. This has been a new initiative in advancing and promoting the corporate reporting on sustainable development goals. The two organisations would work in partnership for creating a list of disclosures in order to track business contributions to the SDGs and a publication would be released on the reporting pertaining to SDG (Orsato et al. 2015). Both the organisations would penetrate into their respective networks for developing multi-stakeholder working groups that take into account leading businesses, reporting experts and data users that would work to modify corporate reporting on SDGs. In addition, these organisations would form partnership with Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) for enhancing the value of disclosures related to corporate sustainability (Neugebauer, Figge and Hahn 2016). Sustainability strategies at Westpac: According to the sustainability strategy evaluated from the annual report of Westpac, the bank has created a five-year sustainability strategy with three measurable objectives across three broad priority areas (annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017). These objectives take into account the following: Improving the lifestyle of the society and the people: In order to make this strategy a success, Westpac has been involved in partnership with Career Seekers for facilitating paid internships for the refugees and asylum-seekers like mid-career professionals or students. In addition, it has developed a new technique of enabling the culturally diverse customers to gain an insight of the products and services through a statement of product disclosure using more images and diagrams. This matches with the expected development of sustainability data exchange, as Westpac has developed new formats to make additional disclosures to the customers about its products (Christ, Burritt and Varsei 2017). Figure 1: Contribution of Westpac to the society and individuals (Source: 2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017) Environmental solutions: Westpac has managed to raise $500 million through the Westpac Climate Bond Issue. The funds accumulated have been distributed to five carbon commercial properties and seven wind energy facilities in compliance with the Climate Bonds Standard (v1). Moreover, the bank has participated to support transition of a clean energy future (Dasgupta and Vaghela 2015). For instance, it has raised the percentage of renewable energy financing from 45% to 59% in the portfolio of overall electricity generation since 2011. Furthermore, it has formed a new program of energy efficiency for its business customers. Verdia, a well-known energy specialist in Australia, has provided assistance to the bank in this program as well. The intention is to provide the business customers with an overview of identifying, funding and installing equipment for enhancing the energy efficiency of their businesses (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). These initiatives match with the sustainability data exchange related to climate change, as Westpac is involved in financing businesses to adopt environmental-friendly solutions. Figure 2: Contribution of Westpac to the environmental concerns (Source: 2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017) Better financial future: Westpac has initiated Wealth Review for BT Financial Group in order to help them in obtaining an insight of its financial position and the necessities to accomplish the financial objectives. Moreover, it has launched CashNav, an application for the Kiwi customers in managing spending by automatic categorisation of banking transactions into needs and notifying customers about their spending (Dumay 2016). Furthermore, it has released Financial Inclusion Action Plan in 2016 for enhancing financial access and resilience to fund the individuals going through financial hardship. Thus, it has created additional disclosures in its sustainability performance report about the advancement of corporate reporting on sustainable development goals. However, it has not involved the data users to involve in corporate reporting and thus, this advancement has only been partially achieved (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). Figure 3: Contribution of Westpac to enhance financial future (Source: 2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017) Recommended Sustainability Strategies at Westpac: This segment of the assignment sheds light on suggesting some sustainability strategies for the bank that would help in improving its overall business performance in the eyes of its stakeholders in future. Such recommendations are explained below: Maintaining societal change through analysing the future requirements of aging and culturally diverse consumers is one of the effective sustainability strategies of Westpac Bank. Considering such strategy, the bank focuses on developing services and financial products that supports financial wellbeing increase. The bank should also focus on analysing the physical, market along with regulatory effects of climate change. Effective financial futures strategies are to be developed by Westpac bank in order to offer solutions that can facilitate consumers for adapting with environmental challenges. Considering such strategy the company will consider launching important services or products that can facilitate to respond to several pressures arising from the environmental challenges. Environmental solutions are also recommended for Westpac bank that is focussed on decreasing environmental footprint. The bank must consider offering a range of advice related solutions based on the ways in which consumers might prefer advancing by the banks advice along with private bank businesses. In order to attain sustenance financial futures serves as a different challenge for Westpac bank. Geography and poor infrastructure of the region along with maintaining sustenance livelihoods is resulting in difficult financial inclusion of people. For such reasons, strategy of Westpac Company must be focused on offering access to affordable and basic banking to all its target consumers among which 50% will be women. Moreover, the banks strategy must be maintaining a combination of basic choice account, in-store banking along with developing a new model of financial literacy model. Conclusion: The current assignment intended to identify as well as evaluate the most considerable recent or expected developments in sustainability reporting in Australia. After such evaluation, the sustainability strategies at Westpac have been assessed to find out whether the bank has adopted such identified developments to improve its overall sustainability reporting. It was gathered that as per GRI, the future would take into account new formats with the firms, as they are needed to shift from annual reports to sustainability data exchange. The concentration would be to focus on the primary challenges like human rights and climate change. It was also gathered that in order to make this strategy a success, Westpac has been involved in partnership with Career Seekers for facilitating paid internships for the refugees and asylum-seekers like mid-career professionals or students. In addition, it has developed a new technique of enabling the culturally diverse customers to gain an insight of the products and services through a statement of product disclosure using more images and diagrams. This matches with the expected development of sustainability data exchange, as Westpac has developed new formats to make additional disclosures to the customers about its products. References: Annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au/ [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Baumgartner, R.J., 2014. Managing corporate sustainability and CSR: A conceptual framework combining values, strategies and instruments contributing to sustainable development.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(5), pp.258-271. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Christ, K.L., Burritt, R.L. and Varsei, M., 2017. Coopetition as a Potential Strategy for Corporate Sustainability.Business Strategy and the Environment. Dasgupta, M. and Vaghela, D., 2015. Integrating Organization Culture with Corporate Sustainability Strategy: A Review. Dumay, J., 2016. A critical reflection on the future of intellectual capital: from reporting to disclosure.Journal of Intellectual capital,17(1), pp.168-184. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Iasplus.com. (2017).Recent sustainability reporting developments. [online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/news/2016/03/sustainability [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Lozano, R., 2015. A holistic perspective on corporate sustainability drivers.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), pp.32-44. Neugebauer, F., Figge, F. and Hahn, T., 2016. Planned or emergent strategy making? Exploring the formation of corporate sustainability strategies.Business strategy and the environment,25(5), pp.323-336. Orsato, R.J., Garcia, A., Mendes-Da-Silva, W., Simonetti, R. and Monzoni, M., 2015. Sustainability indexes: why join in? A study of the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE)in Brazil.Journal of Cleaner Production,96, pp.161-170.

What dramatic techniques does Shakespeare use in Act Three Scene One of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

What dramatic techniques does Shakespeare use in Act Three Scene One of Romeo and Juliet Paper Throughout the play Shakespeare maintains the interest of his audience through an array of dramatic techniques. Act Three Scene One sees a turning point in the play when what had originally been a comedy orientated genre, which traditionally ended in a marriage (as seen in Act 2 of the play), is replaced with that of a tragic nature.During his time in the play Mercutio maintains a humourous relationship with the audience with Could you not take some occasion without giving? This is an example of bawdy or sexual humour that would have appealed to the Elizabethan working class. Since he has kept comedy appearing in the play his final appearance, which involves his death, is a mixture of comic language and dramatic suffering.Mercutios final speeches reflect a mixture of anger and disbelief that he has been fatally injured as a result of the ancient grudge between the Capulets and the Montagues; he repeatedly curses, A plague on all your houses. Even his characteristic wit is embittered as Mercutio treats the subject of his death with humourous wordplay: Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. In the final irony of the scene he never learns the cause of his demise and believes it was because of a fight not love. The significance of curses lies firmly in Elizabethan culture as a dramatic phrase meant to cause harm to an individual. The use of it in this passage powerfully conveys Mercutios chaotic and maddened state of mind at his death.The entrance of Tybalt is also dramatic in that it has been foreshadowed by Benvolio and the Prologue at the beginning of the play: therefore turn and draw. Tybalt is the very essence of violence in the play and the very antithesis of all that Romeo stands for. Earlier in the play Tybalt is angered at the behavior of Romeo at the ball and so this creates situational tension for the audiences who are aware of this fact and so expect conflict to occur later in the play.In Shakespeares time, audiences would have expected actors in tragedies to speak in verse. The poetic style was thought to be elegant and expressive, particularly useful in tragic themes in scenes of high dramatic or emotional intensity. Higher status characters such as the Prince would have been expected to use this formal style as it carried with itself a great deal of dignity in Elizabethan England as it was most usually associated with the upper classes. Much of Shakespeares verse is written in Sonnet form. Sonnets were at the time very popular and they are used frequently in the play. Although much of it has rhyme there is a great deal of blank unrhymed verse throughout the play in iambic pentameter. The use of different forms of speech in Romeo and Juliet identifies the seriousness of the text with rhymed verse as the most serious and prose rather more casual.Prose, which is blank speech, was traditionally used by lower status or comic characters such as the servants of the families; it is very informal. Notably Shakespeare bre aks this rule when he has the character Mercutio, who as a family friend of the Montague house would be considered high status, speak in prose at his death.I am hurt. A plague o both your houses! I am sped. Is he gone, and hath nothing?Tragic death scenes would almost always be spoken in verse; however the use of prose in these lines emphasizes the significance of Mercutios death and adds a sense of urgency and panic to the scene.Within the scene Shakespeare demonstrates the hostility between one character and another by references to rank. When Romeo enters Tybalt addresses him as my man which refers to Romeo as his servant and therefore of lower hierarchy than himself. Family pride was very important to both the play and Elizabethan culture so references to class were an effective insult.What is notable is the manner at which Tybalt addresses Mercutio in this scene. At first he uses addresses like you and gentleman which are associated with formality and class. However once Tybalt has accused Mercutio of consortd with Romeo his attitude towards him quickly turn hostile and he starts to address Mercutio informally and less respectfully with thee and thou. This foreshadows the conflict that will occur later in this scene and sets a feeling of unrest over the drama.Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to create tension in this scene or to draw the attention of the audience. This occurs when a character on stage is ignorant, but the audience watching know his or her eventual fate.At the beginning of this scene Romeo, by contrast to the other characters, is cheerful and contented with having wed Juliet a moment beforehand. Until Mercutios dies Romeo remains emotionally detached from the other characters by thoughts of peace and harmony between the two houses. In response to Tybalts insults Romeo tells him the reason I have to love you, doth much excuse the appertaining rage. Ironically Romeos refusal to fight brings about the very violence he had hoped to prevent and Mercutio, fuelled by family pride decides to fight Tybalt instead. Thus Romeos gesture of peace results in Mercutios death and he becomes ensnared in the family conflict once more.This is also known as cosmic or fate irony in which unseen beings are seen to be toying with the minds of the characters with deliberate ironic effect. This is often seen between the contrast of human ideals and reality such as Friar Lawrences choice to bring the two lovers in marriage in hope of turning their households rancour to pure love. By the end of the play this is achieved but at the hands of death not matrimony.The prologue is ironic in that the eventual fates of the characters are told on stage right from the beginning. In the line A pair of star crossed lovers take their lives, Shakespeare informs his audience that the death of the lovers was preordained, the deliberate act of misfortune.Tybalts death brings Romeo a moment of clarity as he realizes he is the helpless victim of fate: O, I am for tunes fool! he cries, struck deeply by a sense of frustration and injustice. The speed with which Mercutio and Tybalts death occur, together with Romeos marriage and subsequent banishment, all contribute to a sense of inevitability-that a chain of events have been set in motion over which the protagonist has no control.In conclusion the dramatic intensity of the story heightens with the opening of Act Three as a result of fate and conflict between the rival houses. The violent clash between Tybalt and Romeo escalates the drama around whether or not love will ever be able to exist openly between the two lovers. The prologue sets up a sense of hopelessness by the audience who know how the story will conclude and foreshadows the eventual death of the two lovers a death made more tragic by the grip fate has on the helpless protagonist.

Teach Reading With Word Families

Teach Reading With Word Families An emphasis on sounding out words with isolated phonemes often leads students to dread reading and think of decoding as some sort of mystical power. Children naturally look for patterns in things, so to make reading easier, teach them to search for predictable patterns in words. When a student knows the word cat, he can pick out the pattern with mat, sat, fat, etc.   Teaching patterns through word families- rhyming words- facilitates fluency, giving students more self-confidence and a willingness to use prior knowledge to decode new words. When students can recognize the patterns in word families, they can quickly write/name members of the family and use those patterns to nail down more words. Using Word Families Flash cards, and thrill and drill work to a certain extent, but providing your students with a variety of activities keeps them engaged and increases the likelihood that they will generalize the skills they acquire. Rather than using worksheets that can turn students with disabilities off (demanding the use of fine motor skills), try art projects and games to introduce word families. Art Projects Artistic word sorts with seasonal themes capture kids imaginations and use their enthusiasm for a favorite holiday to introduce and reinforce word families. Paper Bags and Word Families:  Print a variety of related words, then ask your students to cut them apart and put them in bags labeled with the corresponding word families. Turn them into trick or treat bags with crayons or cutouts (or buy some at the dollar store) and use them as a centerpiece in your classroom before Halloween.  Or draw Santas sack for Christmas, and label them with a word family. Then instruct students to sort words written on presents cut from construction paper into the appropriate sacks.   Art Project Sorts:  Draw or print Easter baskets and label each with a word family. Ask students to write associated words on Easter egg cutouts, then glue them to the corresponding basket. Display the word family baskets on the wall. Christmas Presents:  Wrap tissue boxes in Christmas paper, leaving the opening at the top exposed. Draw or print Christmas tree ornaments shapes and write words on each one. Ask the students to cut and decorate the ornaments, then drop them into the proper gift box. Games Games engage students, encourage them to interact appropriately with their peers, and give them an entertaining platform on which to build skills.   Build Bingo cards with words from a word family, then call out the words until someone fills all of their squares. Occasionally insert a word that doesnt belong in that particular family and see if your students can identify it. You can include a free space on the Bingo cards, but dont allow students to use it for a word that doesnt belong to that family. Word ladders use the same idea. Following the pattern of Bingo, a caller reads the words and the players cover steps on their word ladders. The first student to cover all of the words on the ladder wins.

Important Health-Related English Vocabulary

Important Health-Related English Vocabulary Learning to express yourself in English when talking about your health can be difficult. While you dont need to understand the more technical, scientific, or medical language doctors and other healthcare providers use, it is helpful to know basic health-related vocabulary. This page provides some of the most common English  vocabulary used to talk about health and healthcare. Youll find important categories with an example sentence to help show context for each word provided in this vocabulary overview.   Illnesses Ache - The ache is getting worse. What should I do?Earache - Ive got a horrible ear ache today.Headache - I woke up with a pounding headache this morning.Stomach ache - Dont eat too much chocolate or youll get a stomach ache.Toothache - Go to the dentist for your toothache.Cancer - Cancer seems to be the plague of modern life.Cold - People sometimes work if theyve only got a cold.Cough - He has a strong cough. He should take some cough syrup.Flu - Its common to feel aches and pains, as well as have a slight fever when youve got the flu.Heart attack - A heart attack doesnt need to be fatal in modern times.Heart disease - Heart disease affects a lot of families.  Infection - Make sure to clean the wound so you dont get an infectionInfectious disease - She caught an infectious disease at school.Pain - Where do you feel the pain?Virus - There is a virus going around at work. Take lots of vitamins. Minor Injuries Bruise - I have this bruise from hitting myself with a door!Cut - Put a bandage on your cut.Graze - Thats just a graze. Its nothing serious.Wound - That wound needs to be treated by a doctor. Go to the emergency room. Medical Treatment Bandage - Use this bandage to stop the bleeding.Check-up - I have a check-up next month.  Dose (of medicine) - Make sure to take your dose of medicine at ten oclock.Drugs - The doctor can prescribe drugs if necessary.  Injection - Some medicine is given by injection.Medicine - Regularly take the medicine and you should have no problems.Operation - Ron has a serious operation on Friday.  Pain-killer - Opiates are a type of pain-killer that can be very addictive.  Pill - Take one pill before you go to bed.Tablet - Take one tablet with each meal.Tranquilizer - This tranquilizer will calm your nerves so you can rest. People in Healthcare Dentist - The dentist gave me a check-up and cleaned my teeth.Doctor - The doctor can see you now.General Practitioner - Most families have a general practitioner to help them with most needs.  Midwife - Many women choose to have a midwife help with the birth of their baby.  Nurse - The nurse will come in to check on you every hour.Patient - The patient has a broken rib and nose.Specialist - The specialist was excellent but extremely expensive.  Surgeon - Surgeons need to have nerves of steel as they cut into the flesh during an operation. Places in Healthcare Hospital - Ill meet you at the hospital and we can stop in to see Peter whos recovering from surgery.Operating Room - The surgeon entered the operating​ room and began the operationWaiting Room - You can sit in the waiting room until hes finished.Ward - Mr. Smith is in the ward at the end of the hall. Health-Related Verbs Catch - Most people catch a cold from time to time.Cure - It took the doctor six months to cure the illness.Heal - A wound can take a long time to heal.Hurt - The boy hurt his ankle playing basketball.Injure - I injured myself climbing a tree!Operate on - The surgeon will operate on the patient at three oclock.Prescribe - The doctor prescribed an antibiotic to help the wound heal.Treat - Well treat anyone who has a health issue. Health-Related Adjectives Fit - Hes a fit young man. He shouldnt be worried.Ill - Unfortunately, she looks ill today.Sick - Do you feel sick?Healthy - Eat healthy food and get regular exercise.  Unhealthy - Eating fatty foods and lots of sweets is very unhealthy.Painful - The painful arm was held in a cast.Unwell - Many students are feeling unwell.Well - I hope you get well soon.

Gastroesophageal Reflux disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gastroesophageal Reflux disease - Essay Example Other factors that are involved in pathogenesis of GERD included the reflux of gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme that lead to injury of the oesophageal mucosa. In essence, the defence mechanism of the oesophagus are in two ways i.e. clearance and resistance of the oesophageal mucosa. Oesophageal clearance plays a significant role in neutralising the acid that is refluxed through the LES. Enhanced clearance reduces the time that oesophagus is exposed to the corroding effect of gastric acid mixtures. The mucosal resistance of the oesophagus offers a protective mechanism and if these defences fail then oesophagitis ensues as a complication of GERD. The Lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) has a significant role in causing GERD. Dysfunction of LES may occur due to transient relaxation of LES and increase of intra-abdominal pressure that exceed the pressure of LES. Delay in gastric emptying may cause GERD because of the increased pressure in the stomach that may overcome the pressure of LES . A Hiatal hernia may cause GERD because it may push LES to move proximally into the chest making it lose its high-pressure area in the abdomen (Kahrilas, 2010). Management of GERD involves lifestyle modification as well as the use of medication to reduce gastric acid. The lifestyle modifications include weight loss, elevating head of bed if experiencing nocturnal symptoms and avoidance of food that worsen the symptoms. Proton pump inhibitors, for example, Omeprazole, Lansoprazole and rabeprazole are the drug of choice in managing GERD. These drugs inhibit the secretion of gastric acid from the gastric parietal cells. H2-receptor antagonists are used in mild cases, which act by competitively blocking histamine receptors specifically those of gastric parietal cells. These drugs include ranitidine, cimetidine and nizatidine among others, they are also used as maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of

The Beginning And Development Of Gothic Architecture Case Study

The Beginning And Development Of Gothic Architecture - Case Study Example The characteristics of Gothic architecture gave the specific definition which was related to what is often referred to as the French style, beginning in the 12th century and going through the 16th century. The architecture was most often used as high art and was created for cathedrals, castles, palaces and other governmental buildings. Many often referred to the style as one which was regarded as belonging to higher powers, which was why it was used for these specific types of buildings. The original term was created by Giorgio Vasari in 1530 in response to a culture which was considered rude. Most during this time believed that the group should be outcast. To represent this, different symbols were used to show that vandals and others within society shouldn’t be present in specific buildings. The architecture of the building is then made to symbolize the individuals who should not enter into a given place (Glaser, 15). The main beliefs and descriptions with the Gothic architec ture then led into concepts which were associated with the symbolic meaning that was created, most which was in reference to the Christian and high-quality attributes which would not welcome others within the region. The features which were used, inclusive of ornate structures and intricate decor became some of the defining parts of the architecture. ... The main focus was designed with both a vertical emphasis, which pointed upwards as a symbol to the higher powers as well as with the concept of having as much light in the building as possible (Murray, p. 18). An example of Gothic architecture can be seen in influences such as the Notre Dame church, as seen in figure 1. Figure 1: Church of Notre Dame In this figure, the elements of the Gothic can be seen. At the lower area, there are three arches which one can enter, all of which are rounded.

Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) Essay Example for Free

Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) Essay World development is the process which countries go through to make more money and develop their economies. Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) where as countries such as Brazil and Mexico are becoming rich and they are known as developing countries. However, the people living in these developing countries still do not have a good health scheme or their own homes. LEDCs (less economically developed countries) are very poor, such as Sudan and Bangladesh. People living in these countries tend to lack basic essentials like food, clean water and clothing. It is important to have world development because everyone in the world becomes part of a society in which human rights are observed and basic needs of housing, work and healthcare for all. It gives opportunity for the poor to lead peaceful lives and to have a say in global communities. World development is important also because without it there is conflict in the world. In the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been lots of conflict between LEDCs. As a result of this, poverty has worsened and become more frequent. Too much of the world’s money is spent on arms trade, to defend other countries from attack. This money could be spent on more important things which would help the process of world development such as: medication, education and agriculture. In the Kosovo conflict many fields were burnt and, as people had not grown food. Therefore, there were no crops to eat or sell. This caused loss of money and also human lives because many people died of starvation. A recent example of conflict is the war on Iraq. With world development, there would be solidarity in the world and it would relight warmth and compassion. Natural disasters cause many problems for LEDCs because there are no emergency help schemes to rebuild the areas affected. Usually, countries such as the USA have to step in and help by equipping the poor with food boxes, water and shelter etc. the economy in less economically developed countries is a more fragile industry. These industries are severely affected by natural disasters because there is loss of tourism; with an outcome similar to the Tsunami. International debt remains to be a severe problem in LEDCs because they have no solution but to borrow money from MEDCs. In the 1970s LEDCs borrowed from the World Bank. In the 70s, interest rates were low (1-2%) but in the 80s rates increased as high as 20-27%. Also, prices fell meaning that products being sold by poorer countries – such as coffee, tea and sugar. As the countries earned less, they were paying more back. There are 41 countries in the world classes as heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC). For example, Zambia spends  £106 million a year on debt repayments. Another reason why we need world development is that trade is not fairly paid for. Trade is selling something you have grown or made to somebody else- trade brings jobs and money. Trade rules are not based on development and they help MEDCs more. Goods can move freely through countries subsidised industries so that goods can be produced more cheaply. Mexico, signed the North America Trade Agreement which meant that Mexico and America can trade freely. US maize is now sold at such a cheap price that Mexican farmers are not paid enough to live on. Fair trade has been introduced. This means that by paying a few pence more for chocolate, coffee etc then you can increase the farmer’s wage who harvested it.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a complex illness that affects the brain tissue directly and undergoes gradual memory and behavioral changes which makes it difficult to diagnose. It is known to be the most common form of dementia and is irreversible. Over four million older Americans have Alzheimer’s, and that number is expected to triple in the next twenty years as more people live into their eighties and nineties. (Johnson, 1989). There is still no cure for Alzheimer’s but throughout the past few years a lot of progress has been made. Doctors need a sure way to diagnose the disease before treatment or studies can be done. The diagnosis is an autopsy of brain tissue examined under a microscope. In addition, medical history, a physical exam, and mental status tests are used for diagnosis (Posen, 1995). Often, tests are done to rule out other potential causes of the dementia. This allows the identification of other causes of thinking and behavioral changes to be made before concluding that the patient has Alzheimer’s or another form of dementia. The tests that are requested to be done include CT and MRI scans to rule out strokes or brain tumors which could account for change in memory and behavior; thyroid and psychological tests which can also detect thinking and behavior problems (Posen, 1995). Alzheimer’s is a result from a combination of factors that cause progressive brain deterioration that affects the memory and behavior of an individual. There are two known risk factors. The first risk factor is age. Alzheimer’s usually affects people older than 60, and rarely affects those younger than 40. The average age ALZHEIMER’S 3 of diagnosis is about 80 years old (Johnson, 1989). The incidence is about the same for all races, but women are more likely than men to develop the disease, because they live longer. The second factor is heredity. Family history plays a role in about forty percent of people with early onset of Alzheimer’s (Johnson, 1989). If your parents or a sibling developed the disease, you are more likely to, as well. But there are cases of families with several people who have had this disease and other members are not affected. These two factors are the only proven factors, but environmental research is being done to help with a possible protective effect for the disease. As of now, more research is needed to confirm any be... ...sion of the disease. In addition, the risk factors and preventive measures are quite clear. These can help those who are unaware of what Alzheimer’s disease is or how it progresses. Future studies may prove to be beneficial in preventing the occurrence of Alzheimer’s, or at least the severity of its’ progression. Informing people of this disease, the risk factors, and preventive measures at a younger age, can only prove beneficial in the decrease or possible elimination of this physically and mentally altering disease. Living a healthy life now can only increase your chances of having a healthier life in old age. ALZHEIMER’S 6 Remember: A rolling stone gathers no moss, So exercise your brain now to reduce future loss. ALZHEIMER’S 7 References Johnson, Barbara S. (1989). Psychiatric mental health. (2nd ed.). New York. J.B. Lippincott Company. Posen, P.B (1995, Apr.). Alzheimer’s disease. [ www.document]. (Visited March 12, 2000). URL:Http://www.mayo.edu/research/alzheimers.center. Wallace, Robert. (1998, March). Alzheimer’s disease. [www.document]. (Visited March 12, 2000). URL: Http://www.alzheimers.org/pubs/adfact.htm).

Definition of Auditing

AUDITING I. Definitions * Auditing, in a general sense, is a systematic and critical evaluation of the financial position, operating systems, and results of operation of an audited entity. * A systematic process of obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested user. The analytical and systematic examination and verification of financial transactions, operation, accounts, and reports of any government agency for the purpose of determining the accuracy, integrity, and authenticity, and satisfying the requirements of law, rules, and regulations. State audit relies on the provisions of law; its authority and limitations are prescribed by law and it is conducted in accordance with law. The 1987 Constitution and related laws set the scope, powers, functions, and jurisdiction of government auditing. Auditing in Public AdministrationState auditing (along with accounting) may be considered as the control and accountability component of fiscal administration cycle. * As a control mechanism, auditing ensures the proper and legal utilization and management of fiscal resources in accordance with sound financial management principles, accounting and auditing standards, and applicable laws and regulations. * As an accountability component, it seeks to ensure that public officials entrusted with functions and resources are made responsible for the performance and results of operation of their office. In the Fiscal administration cycle, auditing also provides inputs to the next phase which is planning. Audit reports contain vital information on the results of operation of agencies and recommendations to improve their performance. Auditing and Accounting Accounting * Accounting is a discipline which provides financial and other information essential to the efficient conduct and evaluation of the activities of an organization. Is concerned with constructing from a mass of transactions entered into by a firm or agency during a certain period, financial statements, results of transactions (in terms of profit and loss), and current financial position, through the interpretation, summarization, and compilation of information. Auditing * Is primarily concerned with analyzing whether or not the financial statements reasonably represent the result of the firm’s operations. II. TYPES OF AUDITING A. Timing Pre-audit – The auditor reviews a transaction (a contract for janitorial services, for example) even before such services are rendered. The auditor also gives his tentative approval for payment of the services by the agency. * Post-audit – The auditor reviews and approves the transaction after the services have been rendered and payment has been made In both cases, the review may consist of the following: * Determining whether all relevant laws, rules and regulations have been observed in the transaction. Physical inspection of supplies or equipment. * Checking whether all necessary documents are submitted and properly accomplished. * Determining whether the required authority or approval has been secured. * Checking mathematical accuracy. B. Organizational Status of Auditor * Internal Audit * The internal auditor undertakes an analytical view of balances disclosed in the financial statements to determine that the information contained in the statements is consistent internally, with budget accounts, and with those of prior years.He may also insist, in an advisory capacity, in adopting basic organizational regulations, preparing rationalization proposals, and recommending measures to improve the structural and procedural systems of the agency. * In small agencies, the internal audit is usually conducted by accounting or controller units * In large organization, it is done by a separate internal audit staff which reports directly to the head of agenc y, the finance office, or corporate board of directors, in the case of corporations. * External Audit * Is performed by auditor external to or independent of the audited organization. In the Philippine state audit context, it is the audit performed by the COA auditors. * In commercial audit, it is conducted by independent certified public accountants on private business organizations primarily to express an opinion on the fairness, consistency, and conformity of financial statements to generally accepted accounting principles, for submission to management, government regulatory agencies, stockholders, and other interested parties. Under the Constitution, external audit by the COA cannot be replaced by internal audit (or any private external audit).While an internal auditor may conduct audit of his agency (or private independent auditors perform external audit), only COA auditor is authorized to conduct government audit. External audit as performed by the COA Includes a comprehensive review of an agency’s internal audit services, as part of its audit function of evaluating of agency internal control systems. C. Audit Scope * Fiscal Audit: Financial and Compliance Fiscal audit is the â€Å"traditional financial audit† in government. It is the combination of financial audit and compliance audits. Financial audit of government transactions is conducted to determine whether: Financial operations are conducted in accordance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, and accounting and auditing standards. * Whether an agency financial statement presents fairly and accurately the financial position of the agency in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The auditor determines whether the agency is maintaining effective control over revenues, expenditures, assets and liabilities, whether financial statements are fairly presented, and if financial reports contain accurate, reliable and useful information.Compliance audit, on the other hand, is an evaluation of the extent to which the agency has complied with pertinent laws, policies, and rules, and regulations in the conduct of its operation. The auditor tests the agency’s financial transactions and specific program, function or activity to determine their legality or regularity. He may for instance; check whether the agency has not violated pertinent law in incurring significant unrecorded liabilities. * Performance Audit: Efficiency, Economy, EffectivenessA performance audit is a constructive examination and evaluation of the financial and operational performance of an organization, program, function or activity with the object of identifying opportunities for grater economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in agency. Economy and efficiency audits determine: * Whether the agency is managing and utilizing its resources (personnel, property, funds) economically and efficiently * The causes of inefficiencies or uneconomical practices * Whether the agency has complied with the laws and regulations concerning matters of efficiency and economyEffectiveness or â€Å"program results† audit determines. * Whether the desired results or benefits established by the legislature or other * Whether the agency has considered alternatives that might lead to desired results at lower cost Special/Other Audits * Subsidy Audit (in the Constitution, PD1445) * Levy Audit (in the Constitution, PD1445) III. THE AUDIT PROCESS A. The Audit Cycle – The state audit cycle consist of seven phases: * Phase I. Preliminary survey of the agency or audited entity The preliminary survey is conducted to acquire a working knowledge of the audited agency and its legal, policy, and administrative environment.The auditor gathers general background information on the agency and its operations after which he defines the scopes of his audit. The auditor may perform the following activities: * Interviews with agency officials to obtain general information * Obtain basic documents on agency activities, objectives, policies, standards, procedure, etc. * Physical inspection of agency facilities, office, etc. Ideally, the survey should provide information on: * Laws, policies, and rules, and regulations applicable to the agency * Brief history and goals or purpose of the agency Agency organization, functions, staff, regional offices, and operating systems * Nature, investments and location of agency assets * General objectives and policies * Operating methods and standards used in measuring or evaluating agency operations and performance * Description of major, existing problems * Copies of internal agency reports, especially internal audit reports * Phase II. Review of Legal and Policy Framework The information gathered from the preliminary survey are reviewed in order to obtain a general knowledge of the legislation and policies applicable to agency objectives, policies, programs, and operating standards. Phases III. Review and Evaluation of In ternal Control System In this phase, the auditor reviews the procedures and practices actually applied by the agency in processing its transactions in order to establish: * The actual means and methods in carrying out operations * Appropriateness and utility of various steps in the processes * The results of operations or transactions relative to agency objectives, legal and policy requirements, and standards * The effectiveness of the internal control system and its various componentsThe review and evaluation of the agency’s internal control system is to: * Identify major critical areas that would warrant more detailed examination * To determine the type of test to be used in the closer examination of such areas later on * Phase IV – In-depth Examination of Problem Areas, Data-gatherings, Analysis, and Evaluation In this phase, the auditor concentrates on audit findings on the problem areas in terms of: * Compliance with or adherence to legal and policy mandate, presc riptions, and requirements; * Goals and objectives-achievement Operational efficiency, economy, and effectiveness in the use of human, material, and financial resources; and * Propriety, accuracy, reliability, and usefulness of financial records and reports, including the effectiveness of control over the latter In-depth examination may involve reviewing agency reports, books, files, records, and such other relevant documents and analyzing, evaluating, verifying and confirming their content through enquiries, inspection, or observation.Where it becomes impossible or impractical to examine all operations and transactions, the auditor conducts reviews and tests on a selective basis, based on his professional judgment and on the adequacy of internal control systems. The auditor develops the factual and documentary evidence to support his audit findings, conclusions, and recommendations. He analyzes the data gathered and determines the causes and effects of the problems, and their signi ficance to agency operations. He also determines whether the agency needs to take corrective action and recommend the appropriate solutions.The auditor must alert agency officials on any deficiencies discovered during audit to enable management to take immediate corrective action. * Phase V. Preparation and Presentation of Draft Report A draft audit report is prepared based on the findings and recommendations formulated in the previous phase. The report is then presented to agency officials for their review and comments. * Phase VI. Finalization of Audit Report After the meeting, the auditor finalizes the audit report.In writing the final report, he has to observe certain principles or standards of report writing. The scope of the audit should be stated clearly and concisely in the report and any limitations should be explicitly mentioned Findings and conclusions should be adequately supported by factual documentary evidence. The recommendations should be clearly identified and shou ld be realistic. Previous audit recommendations which have been unimplemented and the agency’s reason for such should also be noted. * Phase VII. Follow-up on the Implementation of Audit RecommendationsAudit recommendations, such as suggested improvements, proposed adjustments in the accounts, correction or discontinuance of malpractices, solution to existing problems, etc. should be followed-up B. General Objectives, Principles and Standards * General Objectives There are many objectives of state audit and all these relate to the concept of public accountability. Public accountability is central to government audit as it is anchored on the tenet that public officials, as stewards of public office must give a full and public accounting of the manner with which they utilize the powers and expend the resources entrusted to them. Establishing accountability for financial material and human resources of an agency * Establishing accountability for compliance with applicable laws. Policies, rules and regulations * The efficient, economical and effective operations of the agency * Specific Objectives The specific objectives of state auditing also include the following, as enunciated in the Lima Declaration of Guidelines on Auditing Precepts * Proper and effective use of public funds * Development of sound financial management Orderly execution of administrative activities * Communication of information to public authorities and the public through publication of audit reports * Audit Principles and Standards * Audit principles and standards serve to guide the auditor in conducting his audit with integrity, objectivity, independence, and efficiency * Audit standards deal with the quality with which the audit is performed based on the professional and ethical qualifications of the auditor and his exercise of judgment in the course of audit.

Psychological Affects of End-of-Life Care

As people approach the end of their lives, they with their families and their caregivers, face many tasks and decisions. They may be psychological, spiritual, or medical in nature, but all end-of-life choices and medical decisions have complex psychological components, ramifications, and consequences that have a significant impact on the suffering patients and their caregivers. Hospice is a special healthcare option for patients and families faced with a terminal illness. At Hospice there’s a multidisciplinary team of physicians, nurses social workers, bereavement counselors and volunteers that work together to address the physical, social, emotional and spiritual needs of each patient and family members (â€Å"Hospice†). The main focus of Hospice is to address the issues that are most important to the patients’ needs or wants at the end of his/her life. The term â€Å"Hospice† comes from medieval times when it referred to a place of shelter and rest for w eary or ill travelers on a long journey (Hospice).The name was first applied to specialized care for dying patients by Physician Dame Cicely Saunders, who began her work with the terminally ill in 1948 and eventually went on to create the first modern hospice—St. Christopher’s Hospice—in a residential suburb of London (National). Her lecture, given to medical students, nurses, social workers, and chaplains about the concept of holistic hospice care, included photos of terminally ill cancer patients and their families, showing the dramatic differences before and after the symptom control care. This later resulted in the development of hospice care as you know it today (National).Caregiving is associated with physical, psychological, and financial burdens. Hospice nurses perform many traditional nursing duties such as observing, assessing, and recording symptoms. They still work closely with physicians, administering medications and providing emotional support, al though psychologists do not have much of a presence in the hospice movement. Medications that hospice nurses administer and the symptoms they record are not intended to aid a patient in his or her recovery, but rather to make his or her remaining days as comfortable as possible (â€Å"Hospice†). Being a nurse of any kind is very difficult, but dealing every day with a dying patient requires an  extraordinary temperament, one that symbolizes great caring and patience (â€Å"Career†).It can be especially trying on nurses to attend patients who are as young as or younger than the nurse themselves are. Palliative care highlights the total well-being of the patient as well as that of loved ones and caregivers. The caregiver is there to listen, support, encourage, comfort and help the patient. Their goal is to prevent, treat, or eliminate discomfort whenever and, however it appears, never about giving up hope (â€Å"Career†). Every caregiver may be required to provi de a variety of care tasks including physical, emotional, and practical.Research shows that families find personal care to be the most physically and emotionally challenging aspect of caregiving. Emotional care involves listening, talking, reading, or playing music (Collins). Providing the kind and loving companionship that patient may need during the end-of-life process. Handling insurance and other legal matters, taking care of financial concerns such as paying bills, coordinating visits with loved ones, friends and hospice staff is all a part of practical care (Collins). Along with discussing and ensuring that all of the patients’ wishes are carried out if also the healthcare power of attorney (â€Å"What†). In 2009; 66 million Americans (3 in 10 U.S. Households) reported at least one person providing unpaid care as a family caregiver (Collins). Under Medicare, hospice is primarily a program of care delivered in a person’s home by a Medicare – approved hospice.Reasonable and necessary medical and support services for the management of a terminal illness are furnished under a plan-of-care established by the beneficiary’s attending physician and the hospice team (Berry13). Hospice care is available under Medicare only if: the patient is approved for Medicare Part A, the patient’s doctor and the hospice medical director certify that the patient is terminally ill with six months or less to live if the disease runs its expected course, the patient signs a statement choosing hospice care instead of standard Medicare benefits for the terminal illness, or the patient receives care from a Medicare-approved hospice program (â€Å"Hospice†).Hospice care can be provided by an agency or organization that is primarily engaged in furnishing services to terminally ill individuals and their families. To receive Medicare payment, the agency or organization must be approved by Medicare to provide hospice services (Berry15). App roval for hospice is required even if the agency or  organization is already approved by Medicare to provide other kinds of health services. Medicare pays the hospice directly at specified rates depending on the type of care given each day. The hospice can charge five percent of the reasonable cost, up to a maximum of five dollars, for each prescription for outpatient drugs or biological for pain relief and symptom management related to the terminal illness (Collins).When Medicare beneficiaries choose hospice care, they give up the right to standard Medicare benefits only for treatment of the terminal illness. If the patient, who must have Part A in order to use the Medicare hospice benefit, also has Medicare Part B, he or she can use all appropriate Medicare Part A and Part B benefits for the treatment of health problems unrelated to the terminal illness. When standard benefits are used, the patient is responsible for Medicare’s deductible and coinsurance amounts (Berry 14 ). All services required for treatment of the terminal illness must be provided by or through the hospice.If not through the hospice then Medicare will not pay for treatment for the terminal illness which is not for symptom management and pain control. If you receive care given by another healthcare provider that was not arranged by the patients’ hospice or if the patient is receiving duplicate care Medicare will no longer fund in the patients’ healthcare (Berry14). When a patient is expected to live six months or less is when hospice is referred. Although many hospice patients have cancer as their primary diagnosis, hospice provides care to patients of all ages who are dealing with any potentially life-limiting illness, including Alzheimer’s, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dementia, and emphysema.Once the patient has been diagnosed and chooses hospice care, this can generally take place at home or as in-patient care. Hos pice neither prolongs life nor hastens death, but controls pain and discomfort allowing a person to live as fully and comfortably as possible during life’s final journey (â€Å"Career†). Pain control is one of the central goals of hospice care. Every person facing a serious illness hopes for as little pain as possible. Fortunately, with advances in modern medicine, physical suffering can now be almost entirely manages, and in some cases eliminated. From the legal standpoint, the federal guidelines regulating hospice require the hospice to make every reasonable effort to assure that the patient's pain is controlled (Berry3).Most state laws governing hospice  also make pain control a primary and required component of hospice care. The hospice Interdisciplinary Team and the hospice Registered Nurse case manager are focused on making sure the patient is comfortable. The Attending Physician who orders all medications should be focused on the same goal, and in many cases d oes see to it that the patient is kept comfortable. Unfortunately, for varying reasons, some physicians may not order the needed medications to adequately control the patient's pain (Berry4). In these cases, the hospice staff must intervene to protect the patient and make sure the patient gets what is needed to control pain.The hospice Medical Director, being a physician, has the authority to give medical orders and can intervene to provide the patient with the needed medications. In fact, the hospice Medical Director is required by law to make sure the patient's medical needs are met; these needs include medication for pain (Berry4). When dealing with patients and families in hospice care, the psychological and social needs of both patients and family members must be met in order to improve the quality of life throughout the dying process.Many caregivers and loved ones feel overwhelmed by the fact that end-of-life may be near for someone they love; you have to have realization that the patient is not going to get any better despite your best care. It may bring feelings of frustration, anger, sadness, grief and loss to the family of the patient (â€Å"What†). Ignoring feelings of depression, anxiety, confusion or delirium can be harmful†¦ Expressing can be freeing. 48 children and spousal caregivers of hospice patients and 36 controls were evaluated shortly before deaths of their loved ones and again at 2, 7, and 13 months after their deaths. All subjects were administered the Hamilton Raitina Scale for depression, symptom innovatory and the Texas Revised instrument of Grief (Dutton 30).Caring for a loved one who is nearing death can be important time of growth for caregivers. Experience can bring a deep sense of joy and satisfaction in having helped to make a loved one’s last days happier, and more peaceful. Studies indicate that the majority of patients would like their spiritual issues addressed. Spirituality has to do with respecting the inherent value and dignity of all patients. It is very important for the patients’ beliefs to be known to healthcare workers so the patient is not disrespected in any way by the healthcare worker (Karnes2). Patients tend to become more spiritually connected during end-of-life care because they are  nearing the end of their journey.Families are impacted emotionally and spiritually and will be grieving the loss of their lived one whereas their journey is beginning (Karnes6). When a loved one dies, mourning is an essential step in the healing process for those suffering the pain and confusion of loss (Karnes8). Counselors work with clients to validate the experience of grief, find the strength and coping skills, and eventually regain a sense of hope (Karnes7). While grief is very personal, there are many common experiences that accompany the death of a loved one.Talking with a counselor helps clients learn more about the natural process of grief and identify areas of strength and support, as well as areas of potential growth (Collins). Grief support group sessions provide the opportunity for people to meet others who are experiencing similar losses. Grief that accompanies the death of a loved one often comes in waves-and sometimes those waves arrive in the days and weeks that follow. At other times, it may be months-or even years- before the reality of the loss sinks in (Karnes11).Family members may also be grieving over the fact that financial issues may accompany them after their loved one passes. There is always help for any patient or family member in need. After learning more about Hospice and the care that they provide it’s more of a â€Å"safe haven† and a place of comfort for you or your loved ones that are passing. Many others would personally choose hospice as their end-of-life care.

Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Essays

Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Essays Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Paper Porters Five Forces On Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Paper The Indian air power industry is one of the fastest turning air power industries in the universe with private air hoses accounting for more than 75 per cent of the sector of the domestic air power. It is stated that the Indian air power sector will go one of the top five civil air power markets in the universe over the following five old ages. Presently, India ranks 9th in the planetary civil air power market. The Hyderabad International Airport has been ranked amongst the universe s top five in the one-year Airport Service Quality ( ASQ ) . With the growing in the industry, airdrome retailing has besides gained gait in the recent times. Development of new terminuss and airdromes such as the late inaugurated T3 in New Delhi has provided added drift to this section. The highest border earners in this section are nutrient and drinks, beauty merchandise, electronic points, dress etc. It has been predicted that airdromes would supply around 300,000-400,000 square pess retail infinite by 2015. Many companies are besides be aftering to leverage on this turning section by establishing specific merchandises for air travellers. In add-on, the accent on modernisation of non-metro airdromes, swift enlargement by air hoses, service enlargement by province owned bearers, development of the care, fix and inspection and repair ( MRO ) industry in India, opening up of new international paths by the Indian authorities, constitution of new airdromes and redevelopment and restructuring of the bing airdromes have added to the growing of the industry. Present Indian Scenario It is a stage of rapid growing in the industry due to immense build-up of capacity in the LCC infinite, with capacity turning at about 45 % yearly. This has induced a stage of intense monetary value competition with the incumbent full service bearers ( Jet, Indian, Air Sahara ) this- numbering up to 60-70 % for certain paths to fit the new entrants ticket monetary values. This, coupled with costs force per unit areas ( a key cost component, ATF monetary value, went up about 35 % in recent months, while staff costs are besides lifting on the dorsum of deficit of trained forces ) , is exercising bottom-line force per unit area. The growing in supply is overshadowed by the highly strong demand growing, led chiefly by the transition of train/bus riders to air travel, every bit good as by the fact that low menus have allowed riders to wing more often. There has, hence, been an addition in both the breadth and deepness of ingestion. However, the regulative environment, substructure and revenue enhancement policy have non kept gait with the industry s growing. Enactment of the unfastened sky policy between India and Saarc states, addition in bilateral entitlements with the EU and the US, and aggressive publicity of India as an attractive touristry topographic point helped India pull 3.2 million tourers in 2004-05. This market is turning at 15 % per annum and India is expected to pull 6 million tourers by 2010. Besides, increasing per capita income has led to an addition in disposable incomes, taking to greater pass on leisure and vacations and concern travel has risen aggressively with increasing MNC presence. Smaller metropoliss are besides good connected now. Passenger traffic has increased and over 21 million seats have been sold, ensuing in a growing of over 50 % . The Indian travel market is expected to treble to $ 51 billion by 2011 from $ 16.3 billion in 2005-06. Application of Porter s Five Forces scheme in the Aviation Industry Menace of New Entrants A moneymaking industry is ever a mark for investors looking at investing. One of the foremost factors in consideration while looking at the attraction of an industry is the menace of new entrants. In the air hoses industry, this was a major menace a few old ages ago. The air hoses runing in the industry were limited and the industry had few participants like Indian Airlines and Jet Airways. However, as the industry had range for suiting more participants many participants joined the disturbance. The air hoses industry nevertheless comes with its just portion of barriers. The investing in the air hoses is really immense and acts as a major barrier to entry. Bundled with it were different licenses for running an air hose company from the civil air power company and FDI bounds. Factors that can restrict the menace of new entrants are known as barriers to entry. Some illustrations include: Existing trueness to major trade names Incentives for utilizing a peculiar purchaser ( such as frequent shopper plans ) High fixed costs Scarcity of resources High costs of exchanging companies Government limitations or statute law Power of Suppliers This is how much force per unit area providers can put on a concern. If one provider has a big adequate impact to impact a company s borders and volumes, so it holds significant power. In the air hoses company there is certain sum of dickering power the providers have. First, providers in the signifier of aircraft builders, who really frequently exceed the clip bounds. Adding to it are providers of oil who hold the cardinal to running of the air hoses. Here are a few other grounds that providers might hold power. There are really few providers of a peculiar merchandise There are no replacements Switch overing to another ( competitory ) merchandise is really dearly-won The merchandise is highly of import to purchasers ca nt make without it The provision industry has a higher profitableness than the purchasing industry Power of Buyers This is how much force per unit area clients can put on a concern. If one client has a big adequate impact to impact a company s borders and volumes, so the client hold significant power. Predominantly, in the air hoses industry, it has been seen that the civil air power ministry has been in favor of the client and purchasers therefore have sensible power. While most air hoses companies are running with wafer thin borders, it is pretty hard for companies to increase monetary values as the capacity use will be earnestly affected. Here are a few grounds that clients might hold power: Small figure of purchasers Purchases big volumes Switch overing to another ( competitory ) air hose is simple The air hose is non highly of import to purchasers ; they can make without the same trade name for a period of clip Customers are monetary value sensitive Handiness of Substitutes What is the likeliness that person will exchange to a competitory merchandise or service? If the cost of exchanging is low, so this poses a serious menace. Most air hose companies have similar installations and are listed on web sites such as makemytrip.com, yatra.com where clients choose from the cheapest available tickets. This shows that the client has a batch of options and would Not mind switching to a new service. Here are a few factors that can impact the menace of replacements: The chief issue is the similarity of replacements. All low cost air hoses have similar installations. If replacements are similar, it can be viewed in the same visible radiation as a new entrant. Competitive Competition This describes the strength of competition between bing houses in an industry. Highly competitory industries by and large earn low returns because the cost of competition is high. The competition in the air hose industry is fierce and each participant is seeking to derive an upper-hand based on non monetary value factors. A extremely competitory market might ensue from: Many participants of about the same size ; there is no dominant house Small distinction between rivals merchandises and services A mature industry with really small growing ; companies can merely turn by stealing clients off from rivals SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY Strengths: Turning touristry: Due to growing in touristry, there has been an addition in figure of the international and domestic riders. The estimated growing of domestic rider section is at 50 % per annum and growing for international rider section is 25 % Rising income degrees: Due to the rise in income degrees, the disposable income is besides higher which are expected to heighten the figure of circulars. Growth possible Liberalization of sector. Modernization of non tube airdromes. Rising portion of low cost bearers. Fleet enlargement by province owned bearers. The gap up of new international paths by Indian authorities. Constitution of new airdromes and restructuring of old airdromes. Failings: Under penetrated Market: The entire rider traffic was merely 50 million as on 31st Dec 2005 amounting to merely 0.05 trips per annum as compared to developed states like United States have 2.02 trips per annum. Untapped Air Cargo Market: Air cargo market has non yet been to the full taped in the Indian markets and is expected that in the coming twelvemonth s big figure of participants will hold dedicated fleets. Infrastructural restraints: The substructure development has non kept gait with the growing in air power services sector taking to a constriction. Huge investing demand for physical substructure for airdromes. Deficit of qualified teachers due migration to agenda operation. Pressure on choice criterion of inducted pilots. Infrastructural restraints. Opportunities: Expecting investings: investing of about US $ 30 billion will be made. Expected Market Size: Average growing of air power sector is about 25 % -30 % and the expected market size is projected to turn up to 100 million by 2010. Economic Growth Vibrant in-between category: Increasing Consumerism and Affordability common adult male Under-penetrated markets Growth in Tourism Presently domestic rider market is turning at 50 % Menaces: Deficit of trained Pilots: There is a deficit of trained pilots, copilots and land staff which is badly confining growing chances. Deficit of Airports: There is a deficit of airdrome installations, parking bays, air traffic control installations and takeoff and set downing slots. High monetary values: Though adequate figure of low cost bearers already exists in the industry, bulk of the population is still non able to wing to other finishs. Security and safety. Low net income borders and high operating costs.

How to Pick a Blade Length for Your Chainsaw

How to Pick a Blade Length for Your Chainsaw When selecting a blade length for your chainsaw, it is important to take into consideration the nature of your work and the size of your work area. For most simple jobs, such as backyard pruning, a chainsaw with a saw bar or blade that can cut through an average tree limb will be adequate. For other work, consider several factors before selecting a chainsaw: blade length and the power of the saws engine displacement, which is measured in cubic centimeters (cc). It takes substantial power to drive a chain on a longer, heavier bar through dense wood. The length of your blade should ultimately be determined by the horsepower of your saw. You should also take into account the type of work you will be doing with your chainsaw. A saw that would be perfect for a sawyer on a logging deck might be very awkward in the hands of someone working in a tree. Possibly the most important safety issues to keep in mind are your experience, physical condition, and health. The blade size and power of your chainsaw should match your experience and ability. Small saws can still be dangerous but are more forgiving to new chainsaw users. Electric Chainsaws Electric chainsaws attach to a power outlet using a length of cord or are powered by a strong battery. If you are using a chainsaw for the first time, you should start with an electric chainsaw to gain some practical experience. The standard blade sizes are relatively small, at 8 to 12 inches. Electric chainsaws are perfect for yard work such as limb thinning, trimming and pruning. They are also adequate for larger limb removal and cutting down smaller trees. This type of chainsaw should not be used for storm damage cleanup, felling larger trees, or cutting firewood. Light-Duty Chainsaws Light-duty chainsaws are also good tools for beginning chainsaw users looking to gain some practical experience. For many users, they are all you will ever need. The standard blade sizes are 10 to 14 inches, with engine displacements of 30 to 45 ccs. Like electric chainsaws, these tools are great for yard work, and they come with greater power than their plug-in counterparts. They are also adequate for the removal of larger limbs and smaller trees.  As with electrics, these tools should not be used for storm damage cleanup, felling larger trees, or cutting firewood. Medium- to Heavy-Duty Chainsaws Here is where things start to get more complicated. Larger saws should only be operated by people who have experience using chainsaws. In the wrong hands, these tools can be very dangerous, so newcomers should train with smaller saws before handling them. The standard blade sizes for medium- to heavy-duty chainsaws are 14 to 18 inches, with engine displacements of 40 to 50 cc. Heavy-duty saws with long blades are adequate for heavy yard work, though in many cases they tend to be overkill and can actually hinder you on a small job. Large saws are best for cutting larger limbs, bucking medium tree trunks for removal, and working on storm damage. Chainsaws with longer blades (18 to 20 inches) are workhorses best reserved for  felling larger trees  or cutting firewood. Professional Chainsaws Professional chainsaws are mainly for people who use a chainsaw every day, usually in the process of a regular work routine. If you depend upon a chainsaw for your livelihood, this is the tool for you. Most professional saws will range from 60 cc-sized engines on up to more than 120 ccs. Sometimes property owners choose a professional chainsaw to meet the demands of constant heavy work or if the cutting jobs on the property require a larger powered saw. These tools are also used as the power and saw for portable chainsaw mills.

Descartes Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Descartes - Dissertation Example Since what one saw in the world was deceptive, theories that one would create on the basis of the observation of the world would also be deceptive, was what Descartes thought. This, he related to the existence of man itself. This is expressed in his famous quote, â€Å"I think, therefore I am† (Rene). This theory of Descartes has been thought to encourage a detachment from the universe. This was said to involve a lack of knowledge regarding the world and what it had in store for one. However, Descartes’ theory is one that originates not from an ignorance regarding the universe but from a knowledge of it which results in a knowledge of its deceitful nature of being. This led him to believe in the ideas of his mind that he felt, were more reliable for himself as a person. Works Cited Rene Descartes: 'I think therefore I am'. Web. http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/ithinkth_bga .html Accessed on 23rd, June, 2011. Descartes, Rene. Med itations. Tr. Veitch, John. New York: Cosimo Books, 2008. Print.